① Hoʻāʻo tensile: e ana i ke koʻikoʻi a me ka deformation, e hoʻoholo i ka ikaika (YS, TS) a me ka helu plasticity (A, Z) o ka mea.
ʻO ka ʻāpana paipu hōʻano lōʻihi a me ke kuapo, ʻāwaʻa, ʻano pōʻai pōʻai (￠10,￠12.5)
ʻO nā paipu kila mānoanoa pāʻani liʻiliʻi, nā paipu kila mānoanoa nui, a me ka mamao anana paʻa.
Manaʻo: ʻO ka elongation o ka hāpana ma hope o ka haki ʻana e pili ana i ka nui o ka hōʻailona GB / T 1760
②Ka ho'āʻo hopena: CVN, ʻano C notch, ʻano V, mana J waiwai J/cm2
Laʻana maʻamau 10×10×55 (mm) Laʻana maʻamau ʻole 5×10×55 (mm)
③Hardness ho'āʻo: Brinell hardness HB, Rockwell hardness HRC, Vickers hardness HV, etc.
④Hydraulic ho'āʻo: ho'āʻo kaomi, kaomi hoʻopaʻa manawa, p=2Sδ/D