I-Carbon steel defect ibangelwa izixhobo, iinkqubo kunye nokusebenza kwi-carbon steel smelting kunye ne-rolling (forging) inkqubo, kubandakanywa ne-scarring, i-cracks, i-residual shrinkage, i-layer, i-white point, i-segregation, i-non-metallic inclusions, njenge-osteoporosis kunye ne-banded.

Ukukrala

Akukho scarring kunye nesiseko sentsimbi yomphezulu weld metal okanye metalloid scar blocks.Amanye amalungu omzimba adityaniswe nesiseko, yayilulwimi;abanye abadityaniswanga ne-matrix, i-scaly.Le yokugqibela ngamanye amaxesha off ngexesha processing, ukwenza imingxuma.Intsimbi (i-cast) scarring ebangelwa scarring ngokubanzi ine-non-metallic inclusions ephantsi ebonakalayo kwiliso lenyama.Iziphene ze-scarring zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho kunye nokubonakala kweempawu zomatshini zetsimbi.Ukukhwabanisa akuvumelekanga phambi kwentsimbi egqityiweyo.I-scarring ingaba ngamacandelo okugaya ukulungiswa emva kokulungiswa kobungakanani bentsimbi yokusila kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno eziqhelekileyo.

Ukuqhekeka

Iintanda ezenziwe ngokumila kwaye zichaza izizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka kweenwele, ukugqabhuka (ukuqhekeka okukhulu), i-rattle (i-Jiao crack), i-rolling kunye ne-shear crack bifida.Ukusuka ekwenzeni intsimbi, ukuqengqeleka ekuqhubeni intsimbi phantse yonke inkqubo inezinto ezibangela iintanda.

Ukucutheka okushiyekileyo

Intsimbi etyhidiweyo ngexesha lokuqiniswa, ngenxa yokunciphisa umthamo kwi-ingot okanye i-billet ayizange izaliswe ngokwaneleyo inxalenye ephakathi eyenziwe yi-tubular okanye imingxuma yokusabalalisa.Ngaphambi kokulungiswa kwe-thermal, ngenxa yokuba intloko yokusika incinci kakhulu okanye i-craters inzulu, ibangela ukutshatyalaliswa okungapheliyo, inxalenye eseleyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-residual shrinkage.Intsalela yasasazwa kwi-shrinkage kumbindi ophezulu we-ingot, kwaye ingot engaphezulu ibizwa ngokuba yi-cratering.

Istratified

Ukubopha kwaye kungabonakali kwisakhiwo sesibini se-substrate yensimbi.Ulungelelwaniso lunxusene ngokubanzi noxinzelelo loxinzelelo lomphezulu, kwicandelo lobude imigca emnyama enqamlezileyo ngumzekelo wokwandiswa okuphantsi.Ukuqhekeka okunzima okweleyile kwenzeka kwiifractures zivame ukuba nentsimbi, i-non-metallic inclusions kunye nezinto ezinzima zokwahlula.Kubulawe intsimbi ingot ingot abilayo craters kunye imingxuma ekupheleni ibhaluni kunye rolling (forging) ayikwazi welding kunye ukuvelisa stratification.Ukufakwa okukhulu kwintsimbi kwaye kunokuvelisa ulwaleko olunzima lokwahlula.Ukulayishwa akuvumelekanga kwiziphene zensimbi zichaphazela kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi.

Inqaku eliMhlophe

Kwintsimbi ethe nkqo, isiqwengana sovavanyo lwe-asidi enqamlezayo, akukho mgaqo wobude obahlukeneyo bomgca weenwele.Ngamaxesha aphantsi kwi-specimen transverse radial, i-concentric okanye i-regularly distributed, i-multi-center, okanye ukusuka kumphezulu wentsimbi inomgama othile.Ukuqhekeka kwensimbi kwi-transverse okanye i-longitudinal, i-circular okanye i-oval emhlophe evelele.I-avareji yedayamitha ye-3 ~ 10mm.Ipleyiti yentsimbi kwilongitudinal, uphawu loqhekeko olunqamlezayo amabala amhlophe ayicacanga, kodwa ukwaphuka okuvezwa kuluhlu okanye amachokoza amhlophe amile okweqanda kwi-z.Xa usebenzisa i-fracture ihlola amabala amhlophe, kukulungele ukuqala ukucima iisampuli kunye nokucima.

Ukwahlulahlula

Amacandelo entsimbi engalinganiyo.Le nto ayiyona into eqhelekileyo (efana nekhabhoni, i-manganese, i-silicon, isulfure, i-phosphorus) ukusabalalisa okungafaniyo, kodwa kunye nokufakwa kwe-non-metallic kunye nokusabalalisa igesi efanayo.Isizathu kukuba ulwahlulo oluvela ngexesha lokuqiniswa kwentsimbi etyhidiweyo, i-crystals separators ezibangelwayo.Idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nenqanaba lokucalula ingot, intsimbi, ukunyibilikisa kunye nokuphosa iimeko zokusebenza.Izinto ezidibanisayo, ulwahlulo lokungcola kunye neegesi, kunye nobushushu bokuphosa kunye nesantya sokuphosa, ngakumbi iqondo lokucalula.Nokuba intsimbi esebenzisa i-electromagnetic stirring inokunciphisa inqanaba lokwahlula.Ukongezelela, ukwanda kwentsimbi yokucoceka kuyimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yokunciphisa ulwahlulo.

Ukubandakanywa okungezona isinyithi

Intsimbi iqulethe icandelo lesinyithi kunye ne-substrate eyahlukeneyo yezinto ezingezona metallic.Itshabalalisa ukuqhubeka kunye neempawu ze-isotropic ze-matrix yensimbi.Ngokutsho komthombo we-non-metallic inclusions inokwahlulwa ibe yi-endogenous inclusions, inclusions yangaphandle kunye nemixube yabo.I-endogenous inclusions i-deoxidation kunye ne-reaction eyahlukeneyo yomzimba kunye neekhemikhali eyenziwa ngokubunjwa kweekristale, ngokukodwa i-oksijeni yensimbi, isulfure, i-nitrogen, phakathi kwamanye amacandelo anemveliso yokusabela.

Ikhululekile

Ayishiyeneyo i-thermal etching phenomenon steel sectional tissue specimen.I-Thermal etching kwi-specimen cross-section yentsimbi, kukho iipores ezininzi kunye ne-black specks umgqugquzeli, okwenza lo mcimbi ungabikho izicubu ezixineneyo, ezibizwa ngokuba zikhululekile xa enye yale mibhobho kunye namachaphaza amnyama asasazwa kulo lonke iqhekeza lovavanyo olusezantsi, lugxininiswe embindini we iziko libizwa ngokuba yiosteoporosis .I-Thermal etching kwi-longitudinal specimens ibonise imigca ekhululekileyo yobude obahlukeneyo, kodwa ukujonga ngononophelo okanye ukuqaphela kunye neglasi yokukhulisa amaxesha ayi-8 ukuya kwali-10, enemigca engenabunzulu.I-Porosity yabonwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy okanye i-streaks inokufunyanwa i-distal dendrites ayinazo iimpawu zomphezulu iikristale zetsimbi.