Paipu kila kalaponahana ʻia nā hemahema o loko i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kila kila a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, non-metallic inclusions, porosity, shrinkage a me nā māwae.

Hoʻokaʻawale

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ka puʻunaue like ʻole o ka hui kemika i ke kila, i nā mea ʻino e like me ka sulfur, hoʻonui i ka phosphorus i loko o ka ingot.

ʻO nā hoʻokomo ʻole metala

ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻole ʻana i ka metallic e pili ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka metallic i loko o ke kila i loko o nā mea haumia e like me sulfides a me nā oxides.

Stomata

ʻO Stomata e pili ana i ka hao a me ka hopena kalapona monoxide i hana ʻia i ka ninini ʻana ʻaʻole hiki ke pakele a noho i loko o nā pores liʻiliʻi o ka ingot.

Hoʻoemi

ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kila wai mai waho a i loko, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka leo i ka wā paʻa i lalo, no ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pae, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka paʻa hope o nā ʻāpana kila wai.

māwae

Solidification o ka wai kila ma ke kauoha ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole ke kaumaha, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā māwae ʻoi aku ka nui.