ʻO ka paipu kila māmā e pili ana i ka mea i emi iho ma mua o 0.25% carbon steel ma muli o kona ikaika haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa paʻakikī a palupalu.Loaʻa i ka hapa nui o ke kila kalapona maʻamau a me ke kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui me ka ʻole o ka wela wela i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hale ʻenekinia, kekahi mau ʻāpana carburizing wela a me nā ʻāpana mīkini ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ka ʻaʻahu.ʻO ka hui ferrite a me ka pearlite ka mea haʻahaʻa i kona ikaika a me ka paʻakikī, ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī.No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano anuanu a hiki ke crimping, kulou, kuʻi a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o ke anuanu.E like me kēlā paipu kila māmā he maikaʻi ka weldability.ʻO ka maʻi kalapona mai 0.10 a 0.30% o ke kila māmā he maʻalahi ke ʻae i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e like me ka forging, welding a me ka ʻoki ʻana, hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kaulahao, rivets, bolts, shafts, etc.

ʻO ka paipu kila māmā maʻamau no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hale, nā ipu, ka pahu, ka umu a me nā mīkini mahiʻai.ʻO ka paipu kila māmā maikaʻi no ka hana ʻana i ke kaʻa kaʻa, ka puʻu a me nā huahana ʻulaʻula hohonu;ʻōwili pū ʻia i loko o nā kaola, nā koi ikaika no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana mechanical.Ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paipu kila māmā ʻaʻole ma ka mālama wela, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 0.15% e ka carburizing a i ʻole cyanide lapaʻau, i hoʻohana ʻia e koi i ka wela o ka ʻili kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana i nā shafts maikaʻi, bushings, sprockets a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.Ma muli o ka ikaika haʻahaʻa o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana.Pono e hoʻonui i ka ʻike kalapona o ka manganese a hoʻohui i ka trace vanadium, titanium, niobium a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ikaika o ke kila.Inā 'oe e ho'ēmi i ke kalapona maʻiʻo o ke kila a hoʻohui i ka liʻiliʻi o ka aluminika, a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka boron carbide e hoʻokumu i nā mea, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka ULCB hoʻonohonoho i ka ikaika nui, a mālama i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī.

ʻO ka haʻahaʻa kalapona maʻiʻo o ka paipu kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a maikaʻi ʻole ka machinability, hiki i ke kaʻina hana maʻamau ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manawa o ka paipu kila maʻemaʻe, e hoʻopau i ka ʻelemakule, a me ke ʻano o ka ʻelemakule.Ke hoʻomaloʻo wikiwiki mai kahi kila wela, ferritic scraping carbon, nitrogen saturation, hiki iā ia ke lohi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hao carbonitride i ka lumi wela, a pēlā ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī, kahi mea i kapa ʻia. kinai elemakule.ʻOiai me ke kinai ʻole a me ka hoʻoluʻu haʻahaʻa kalapona e hoʻohua mai i ka ʻelemakule.E hana i ka nui o ka hao hao haʻahaʻa e ka deformation dislocations ferrite mai kalapona, nitrogen atom elastic dislocation interactions, kalapona, naikokene Atoma noho aliʻi 'ākoakoa a puni ka laina hewa.ʻO ia hui pū ʻana o nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka naikokene a me ka laina dislocation i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Coriolis-makahiki ea nuipa (Ke lop air mass).E hoʻonui ia i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia he strain aging.Ma mua o ke kinai ʻana i ka ʻelemakule o ka paipu kila maʻemaʻe i ka wā deformation plasticity a me ka paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino i ka pihi tensile i ʻike ʻia i luna a me lalo.Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka helu ʻai a hiki i ka hopena, ʻike ʻia ka deformed ma muli o ka ʻili ʻole me nā peʻa i hana ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana, i kapa ʻia ʻo Luders band.No laila, ʻoki pinepine ʻia nā stampings he nui.ʻElua mau ʻano o ka pale ʻana.ʻO kahi kiʻekiʻe pre-deformation kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kila kila ma hope o kahi manawa e hoʻopuka ai i ka hui Luders, no laila ua kau ʻia ka pahu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua o ka manawa ʻaʻole lōʻihi.Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi kila, alumini a titanium paha i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi pūhui paʻa me ka nitrogen e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ea ea i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Coriolis deformation o ka ʻelemakule.