Kodi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chiyani?
'Stainless' ndi liwu lomwe linayambika kumayambiriro kwa zitsulo izi zopangira zida zodulira.Anatengedwa ngati dzina generic kwa zitsulo izi ndipo tsopano chimakwirira osiyanasiyana zitsulo mitundu ndi makalasi kwa dzimbiri kapena makutidwe ndi okosijeni ntchito ntchito.
Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi ma aloyi achitsulo okhala ndi osachepera 10.5% chromium.Zinthu zina zowonjezera zimawonjezedwa kuti ziwongolere kapangidwe kawo ndi zinthu monga mawonekedwe, mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa cryogenic.
Kapangidwe ka kristalo kameneka kamapangitsa kuti zitsulo zoterezi zikhale zopanda maginito komanso zosasunthika pa kutentha kochepa.Kwa kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu, carbon imawonjezeredwa.Akapatsidwa chithandizo chokwanira kutentha zitsulo izi ntchito ngati lumo, cutlery, zida etc.
Kuchuluka kwa manganese kwagwiritsidwa ntchito muzolemba zambiri zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Manganese amasunga mawonekedwe a austenitic muzitsulo monga nickel, koma pamtengo wotsika.
Zinthu zazikulu muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi mtundu wa aloyi wazitsulo womwe umapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.Zimakwaniritsa zosowa zathu zothandiza kwambiri kotero kuti zimakhala zovuta kupeza gawo lililonse la moyo wathu, kumene sitigwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zamtunduwu.Zigawo zazikulu za chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi: chitsulo, chromium, carbon, faifi tambala, molybdenum ndi tinthu tating'ono tazitsulo zina.
Izi zikuphatikizapo zitsulo monga:
- Nickel
- Molybdenum
- Titaniyamu
- Mkuwa
Zowonjezera zopanda zitsulo zimapangidwanso, zazikuluzikulu ndizo:
- Mpweya
- Nayitrogeni
CHROMIUM NDI NICKEL:
Chromium ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangitsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chosapanga dzimbiri.Ndikofunikira popanga filimu yongokhala.Zinthu zina zimatha kukhudza mphamvu ya chromium popanga kapena kukonza filimuyo, koma palibe chinthu china chokha chomwe chingapange mawonekedwe achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Pafupifupi 10.5% chromium, filimu yofooka imapangidwa ndipo idzapereka chitetezo chochepa cha mumlengalenga.Powonjezera chromium mpaka 17-20%, yomwe imakhala mumtundu wa 300 wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic, kukhazikika kwa filimuyi kumawonjezeka.Kuwonjezeka kwina kwazomwe zili mu chromium kudzapereka chitetezo chowonjezera.
| Chizindikiro | Chinthu |
| Al | Aluminiyamu |
| C | Mpweya |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Ku | Mkuwa |
| Fe | Chitsulo |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| Mn | Manganese |
| N | Nayitrogeni |
| Ndi | Nickel |
| P | Phosphorous |
| S | Sulfure |
| Se | Selenium |
| Ta | Tantalum |
| Ti | Titaniyamu |
Nickel idzakhazikitsa dongosolo la austenitic (njere kapena kristalo) lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamakina ndi mawonekedwe ake.Nickel yokhala ndi 8-10% ndi pamwambapa idzachepetsa chizolowezi chachitsulo chosweka chifukwa cha dzimbiri la nkhawa.Nickel imalimbikitsanso kubwezeretsanso ngati filimuyo yawonongeka.
MANGANESE:
Manganese, mogwirizana ndi faifi tambala, amagwira ntchito zambiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha faifi tambala.Idzalumikizananso ndi sulfure muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kupanga manganese sulfite, zomwe zimawonjezera kukana kwa dzimbiri.Polowetsa manganese m'malo mwa faifi tambala, ndiyeno kuphatikiza ndi nayitrogeni, mphamvu imawonjezekanso.
MOLYBDENUM:
Molybdenum, kuphatikiza chromium, imathandizira kwambiri kukhazikika kwa filimu yongokhala pamaso pa ma chloride.Ndiwothandiza popewa kung'ambika kapena dzimbiri.Molybdenum, pafupi ndi chromium, imapereka chiwonjezeko chachikulu chokana dzimbiri muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Edstrom Industries imagwiritsa ntchito 316 zosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa ili ndi 2-3% molybdenum, yomwe imapereka chitetezo pamene klorini iwonjezeredwa m'madzi.
KABONANI:
Mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera mphamvu.M'kalasi ya martensitic, kuwonjezera kwa carbon kumathandizira kuumitsa kupyolera mu kutentha kutentha.
NITROGEN:
Nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa kapangidwe ka austenitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimawonjezera kukana kwake kuti chiwonongeko ndikulimbitsa chitsulo.Kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni kumapangitsa kuti molybdenum ichuluke mpaka 6%, zomwe zimakulitsa kukana kwa dzimbiri m'malo a chloride.
TITANIUM NDI MIOBIUM:
Titaniyamu ndi Miobium amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikakhudzidwa, intergranular corrosion imatha kuchitika.Izi zimayamba chifukwa cha mvula ya chrome carbides panthawi yozizirira pamene mbali zake zimawotchedwa.Izi zimachepetsa gawo la weld la chromium.Popanda chromium, filimu yongokhala siingathe kupanga.Titaniyamu ndi Niobium zimalumikizana ndi kaboni kupanga ma carbides, kusiya chromium kukhala yankho kuti filimu yongokhala ipange.
Mkuwa NDI ALUMINIMU:
Copper ndi Aluminium, pamodzi ndi Titaniyamu, zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kuti ziwonjezeke kuuma kwake.Kuumitsa kumatheka poviika pa kutentha kwa 900 mpaka 1150F.Zinthu izi zimapanga cholimba cha intermetallic microstructure panthawi yonyowa pa kutentha kwakukulu.
SUFUR NDI SELENIUM:
Sulfure ndi Selenium amawonjezeredwa ku 304 zosapanga dzimbiri kuti apange makina momasuka.Izi zimakhala 303 kapena 303SE zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Edstrom Industries kupanga ma valve a nkhumba, mtedza, ndi ziwalo zomwe sizimamwa madzi akumwa.
Mitundu yazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
AISI AMATANTHAUZA MITUNDU YOTSATIRA PAKATI PA ENA:
Zomwe zimatchedwanso "marine grade" zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwake kukana dzimbiri la madzi amchere poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa 304. SS316 nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zomera zokonzanso nyukiliya.
304/304L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Mtundu wa 304 uli ndi mphamvu zochepa pang'ono kuposa 302 chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa carbon.
316/316L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Mtundu wa 316/316L Stainless Steel ndi chitsulo cha molybdenum chomwe chimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi kupindika ndi njira zomwe zimakhala ndi ma chloride ndi ma halidi ena.
310S zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
310S Stainless Steel ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa okosijeni pansi pa kutentha kosasintha mpaka 2000 ° F.
317L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
317L ndi molybdenum yokhala ndi chitsulo cha nickel cha austenitic chromium chofanana ndi mtundu wa 316, kupatula zomwe zili mu 317L ndizokwera pang'ono.
321/321H zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Mtundu wa 321 ndi mtundu wa 304 wosinthidwa powonjezera titaniyamu mu kuchuluka kosachepera kasanu kuposa momwe zilili ndi mpweya wa nitrogen.
410 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Type 410 ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha martensitic chomwe chili ndi maginito, chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri m'malo ocheperako ndipo chimakhala ndi ductility yabwino.
DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), kapena Avesta Sheffield 2205 ndi ferritic-austenitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
ZINTHU ZOSAPANGA AMASINKHANSO PACHIKHALIDWE CHAWO:
- Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic zimapanga 70% yazopanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Zili ndi mpweya wochuluka wa 0.15%, osachepera 16% chromium ndi nickel yokwanira ndi / kapena manganese kuti asunge mawonekedwe a austenitic pa kutentha kulikonse kuchokera kudera la cryogenic mpaka kusungunuka kwa alloy.Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi 18% chromium ndi 10% nickel, zomwe zimadziwika kuti 18/10 zosapanga dzimbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu flatware.Momwemonso 18/0 ndi 18/8 ikupezekanso.¨Superaustenitic〃 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, monga aloyi AL-6XN ndi 254SMO, zimasonyeza kukana kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa chloride ndi ming'alu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa Molybdenum (> 6%) ndi zowonjezera za nayitrogeni komanso faife tambala wapamwamba zimatsimikizira kukana bwino kupsinjika-kusweka kwa dzimbiri. pa 300 series.Kuchulukitsitsa kwazitsulo zazitsulo za "Superaustenitic" kumatanthauza kuti ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo machitidwe ofanana amatha kutheka pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ziwiri pamtengo wotsika kwambiri.
- Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Ferritic zimalimbana ndi dzimbiri, koma ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa magiredi austenitic ndipo sizingawumitsidwe ndi chithandizo cha kutentha.Ali ndi pakati pa 10.5% ndi 27% chromium ndi faifi tambala ochepa, ngati alipo.Zolemba zambiri zimaphatikizapo molybdenum;zina, aluminium kapena titaniyamu.Magulu odziwika bwino a ferritic amaphatikizapo 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, ndi 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Martensitic sizikhala ndi dzimbiri monga magulu ena awiriwa, koma ndi zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zolimba komanso zotha kupanga makina, ndipo zimatha kuumitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Martensitic chili ndi chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), palibe faifi tambala, komanso pafupifupi 0.1-1% ya kaboni (kupangitsa kuuma kwambiri koma kupangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zolimba kwambiri).Amazimitsidwa ndi maginito.Amadziwikanso kuti "mndandanda-00" zitsulo.
- Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Duplex zimakhala ndi ma microstructure osakanikirana a austenite ndi ferrite, cholinga chake ndi kupanga kusakaniza kwa 50:50 ngakhale muzitsulo zamalonda kusakaniza kungakhale 60:40.Chitsulo cha Duplex chawonjezera mphamvu kuposa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic komanso zathandizira kukana dzimbiri m'dera lanu makamaka ma pitting, kung'ambika ndi kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri.Amadziwika ndi chromium yapamwamba komanso zomwe zili m'munsi mwa nickel kuposa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic.
Mbiri ya Stainless Steel
Zida zingapo zachitsulo zosagwira dzimbiri zakhalapo kuyambira kalekale.Chitsanzo chodziwika (komanso chachikulu kwambiri) ndi Mzati wa Iron wa Delhi, womangidwa ndi lamulo la Kumara Gupta I pafupi ndi chaka cha AD 400. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zinthuzi zimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba osati chromium, koma chifukwa cha phosphorous yapamwamba, zomwe pamodzi ndi nyengo yabwino m'deralo amalimbikitsa mapangidwe olimba zoteteza passivation wosanjikiza wa oxides chitsulo ndi phosphates, osati zoteteza, losweka dzimbiri wosanjikiza akufotokozera zambiri ironwork.
Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa ma aloyi a iron-chromium kudadziwika koyamba mu 1821 ndi katswiri wazitsulo waku France Pierre Berthier, yemwe adawona kukana kwawo polimbana ndi zidulo zina ndipo adati azigwiritsa ntchito pocheka.Komabe, akatswiri a metallurgists a m’zaka za m’ma 1800 sanathe kupanga kuphatikizika kwa carbon carbon ndi high chromium yomwe imapezeka m’zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zamakono, ndipo ma alloys apamwamba kwambiri a chromium omwe akanatha kupanga anali olimba kwambiri moti sangapindule nawo.
Izi zinasintha chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1890, pamene Hans Goldschmidt wa ku Germany anapanga njira ya aluminothermic (thermite) yopangira chromium yopanda mpweya.M'zaka za 19041911, ofufuza angapo, makamaka Leon Guillet wa ku France, adakonza zosakaniza zomwe masiku ano zimatengedwa ngati zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Mu 1911, Philip Monnartz wa ku Germany anasimba za kugwirizana kwa chromium ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa ma aloyi ameneŵa.
Harry Brearley wa labotale yofufuza ya Brown-Firth ku Sheffield, England amadziwika kuti ndi "woyambitsa" wa zosapanga dzimbiri.
zitsulo.Mu 1913, pamene ankafuna aloyi osatha kukokoloka kwa migolo yamfuti, anapeza ndipo kenaka anayamba kupanga aloyi yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha martensitic.Komabe, zochitika zamafakitale zofananira zinali kuchitika nthawi yomweyo ku Krupp Iron Works ku Germany, komwe Eduard Maurer ndi Benno Strauss anali kupanga alloy austenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), komanso ku United States, komwe Christian Dantsizen ndi Frederick Becket. anali mafakitale ferritic zosapanga dzimbiri.
Chonde dziwani kuti mutha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zolemba zina zaukadaulo zomwe tasindikiza:
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-16-2022