Yintoni intsimbi engatyiwayo?
'I-stainless' ligama elaqanjwa kwangethuba ekuphuhlisweni kwezi ntsimbi zokusetyenziswa kokusika.Yamkelwa njengegama eliqhelekileyo kwezi ntsimbi kwaye ngoku igubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweendidi zentsimbi kunye namabakala okusebenza kokubola okanye ukuxhathisa kwi-oxidation.
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zi-alloys zentsimbi kunye nobuncinci be-chromium ye-10.5%.Ezinye izinto ze-alloying zongezwa ukunyusa ukwakheka kwazo kunye neempawu ezifana nokubumba, amandla kunye nokuqina kwe-cryogenic.
Esi sakhiwo sekristale senza iintsimbi ezinjalo zingabi-magnetic kwaye zincinci kakhulu kumaqondo aphantsi.Ubunzima obuphezulu kunye namandla, ikhabhoni yongezwa.Xa ziphantsi konyango olwaneleyo lobushushu ezi ntsimbi zisetyenziswa njenge-razor blades, cutlery, izixhobo njl.
Ubungakanani obubalulekileyo bemanganese busetyenzisiwe kwiindlela ezininzi zentsimbi engenasici.I-Manganese igcina i-austenitic structure kwintsimbi njenge-nickel, kodwa ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Izinto eziphambili kwintsimbi engenasici
Insimbi engenasici okanye i-corrosion-resistant steel luhlobo lwe-alloy yensimbi efumaneka kwiifom ezahlukeneyo.Isebenzela iimfuno zethu eziphathekayo kangangokuba kunzima ukufumana nayiphi na indawo yobomi bethu, apho singasebenzisi olu hlobo lwentsimbi.Awona malungu aphambili entsimbi engatyiwa zezi: iron, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum kunye nezixa ezincinci zezinye iintsimbi.
Ezi ziquka isinyithi ezifana:
- Nickel
- Molybdenum
- I-Titanium
- Ubhedu
Izongezo ezingezizo isinyithi nazo zenziwe, ezona ziphambili zezi:
- Ikhabhoni
- Nitrogen
I-CHROMIUM NE-NICKEL:
I-Chromium sisiqalelo esenza intsimbi engatyiwayo ingabina ntsimbi.Kubalulekile ekwenzeni ifilimu yokwenziwa.Ezinye izinto zinokuphembelela ukusebenza kwechromium ekwenzeni okanye ekulondolozeni ifilimu, kodwa ayikho enye into ngokwayo enokudala iimpawu zentsimbi engatyiwayo.
Malunga ne-10.5% yechromium, ifilimu ebuthathaka yenziwa kwaye iya kubonelela ngokhuseleko lomoya opholileyo.Ngokunyusa i-chromium ukuya kwi-17-20%, eqhelekileyo kwi-type-300 series of austenitic stainless steels, ukuzinza kwefilimu ye-passive kwanda.Ukunyuka okungaphezulu kumxholo wechromium kuya kubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo.
| Uphawu | Isiqalelo |
| Al | Aluminiyam |
| C | Ikhabhoni |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Cu | Ubhedu |
| Fe | Intsimbi |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| Mnu | IManganese |
| N | Nitrogen |
| Ni | Nickel |
| P | Iphosphorus |
| S | Isulfure |
| Se | Selenium |
| Ta | Tantalum |
| Ti | I-Titanium |
I-Nickel iya kuzinzisa isakhiwo se-austenitic (i-grain okanye i-crystal structure) yensimbi engenasici kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zomatshini kunye neempawu zokwenza.Umxholo we-nickel we-8-10% nangaphezulu uya kunciphisa ukuthambekela kwesinyithi ukuqhekeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-corrosion.I-Nickel iphinda ikhuthaze ukubuyisela kwakhona xa ifilimu yonakaliswa.
UMANGANESE:
I-Manganese, ngokubambisana ne-nickel, yenza imisebenzi emininzi eyenziwa yi-nickel.Iya kusebenzisana nesulfure kwintsimbi engatyiwayo ukwenza i-manganese sulfite, eyonyusa ukuxhathisa kwi-corrosion.Ngokufaka i-manganese endaweni ye-nickel, kwaye emva koko idibanise ne-nitrogen, amandla ayanda.
MOLYBDENUM:
I-Molybdenum, idibene ne-chromium, iyasebenza kakhulu ekuzinziseni ifilimu ye-passive phambi kwee-chlorides.Isebenza ngempumelelo ekuthinteleni ukuqhekeka okanye ukubola komngxuma.I-Molybdenum, ecaleni kwe-chromium, ibonelela ngokunyuka okukhulu kwi-corrosion resistance in stainless steel.I-Edstrom Industries isebenzisa i-316 engenastainless kuba iqulethe i-2-3% ye-molybdenum, enika ukhuseleko xa i-chlorine yongezwa emanzini.
IKHABONI:
Ikhabhoni isetyenziselwa ukwandisa amandla.Kwibakala le-martensitic, ukongezwa kwekhabhoni kuququzelela ukuqina ngokuphathwa kobushushu.
INITROGEN:
I-nitrojeni isetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa isakhiwo se-austenitic sensimbi engenasici, ephakamisa ukuchasana kwayo kwi-corrosion ye-pitting kunye nokuqinisa intsimbi.Ukusebenzisa i-nitrogen kwenza kube lula ukwandisa umxholo we-molybdenum ukuya kwi-6%, okuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola kwiindawo zekloride.
I-TITANIUM NE-MIOBIUM:
I-Titanium kunye ne-Miobium zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-sensitization yensimbi engenasici.Xa isinyithi esingenasici sivakaliswa, i-intergranular corrosion ingenzeka.Oku kubangelwa yimvula ye-chrome carbides ngexesha lokupholisa xa iinxalenye zidityanisiwe.Oku kuphelisa indawo ye-weld yechromium.Ngaphandle kwechromium, ifilimu ye-passive ayikwazi ukwenza.I-Titanium kunye ne-Niobium zisebenzisana nekhabhoni ukwenza i-carbides, ishiya i-chromium kwisisombululo ukuze ifilimu ye-passive ikwazi ukwenza.
UKWEPHA NEALUMINIM:
Ubhedu kunye ne-Aluminiyam, kunye ne-Titanium, inokongezwa kwintsimbi engenasici ukukhawulezisa ukuqina kwayo.Ukuqina kuphunyezwa ngokufunxwa kwiqondo lobushushu elingama-900 ukuya kwi-1150F.Ezi zinto zenza i-microstructure enzima ye-intermetallic ngexesha lenkqubo yokucwina kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakamileyo.
ISALFURE NESELENIUM:
I-Sulfur kunye ne-Selenium zongezwa kwi-304 engenasici ukwenza umatshini ngokukhululekileyo.Oku kuba yi-303 okanye i-303SE insimbi engenasici, esetyenziswa yi-Edstrom Industries ukwenza iivalve zehagu, amandongomane, kunye namalungu angavezwanga kumanzi okusela.
Iindidi zentsimbi engenasici
I-AISI ICHAZA LA MABANGA ALANDELAYO PHAKATHI KWAMANYE:
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "marine grade" yensimbi engenastainless ngenxa yokwanda kwesakhono sokumelana nokuthotywa kwamanzi etyuwa xa kuthelekiswa nohlobo lwama-304. I-SS316 isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwakha amaziko okulungisa inyukliya.
304/304L ENYITYIMA ENGENZI
Uhlobo lwe-304 lunamandla angaphantsi kancinci kune-302 ngenxa yomxholo wekhabhoni esezantsi.
316/316L ENYITYIMA ENGENZI
Uhlobo lwe-316/316L iStainless Steel yintsimbi ye-molybdenum enokumelana okuphuculweyo emigodini ngezisombululo ezinekloridi nezinye iihalides.
I-310S ENYITYIMA ENGENZI
I-310S Stainless Steel inokumelana okugqwesileyo kwi-oxidation phantsi kwamaqondo obushushu angaguqukiyo ukuya kuma-2000°F.
I-317L YINYIMBU ENGAZINZUZI
I-317L yi-molybdenum ethwele i-austenitic chromium nickel steel efana nohlobo lwe-316, ngaphandle komxholo we-alloy kwi-317L ungaphezulu.
321/321H INTSIMBI ENGENAMNCINCI
Uhlobo lwe-321 luhlobo olusisiseko lwe-304 oluguqulwe ngokudibanisa i-titanium kwisixa ubuncinane amaxesha ama-5 ekhabhoni kunye nemixholo ye-nitrogen.
410 INTAMBILI
Uhlobo lwe-410 yintsimbi ye-martensitic engenazibuthe, ixhathisa ukubola kwindawo epholileyo kwaye ine-ductility elungileyo.
I-DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
I-Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), okanye i-Avesta Sheffield 2205 yintsimbi ye-ferritic-austenitic engenasici.
IZIZINTAMBU EZINGAGQIBANGA NAZO ZIKWAHLULWE NGOKWENKQUBO YAZO ESIMO:
- Iintsimbi ze-Austenitic stainless zibandakanya ngaphezu kwe-70% yemveliso yensimbi engenasici.Ziqulethe ubuninzi be-0.15% yekhabhoni, ubuncinane be-16% ye-chromium kunye ne-nickel eyaneleyo kunye / okanye i-manganese yokugcina isakhiwo se-austenitic kuwo wonke amaqondo okushisa ukusuka kummandla we-cryogenic ukuya kwindawo yokunyibilika kwe-alloy.Ukuqulunqwa okuqhelekileyo yi-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-10% ye-nickel, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-18/10 i-stainless isetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-flatware.Ngokufanayo i-18/0 kunye ne-18/8 iyafumaneka.¨Superaustenitic〃 iintsimbi ezingenazintsimbi, ezifana nealloyi AL-6XN kunye ne-254SMO, zibonisa ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwimingxuma yekloridi kunye ne-crevice corrosion ngenxa yemixholo ephezulu ye-Molybdenum (>6%) kunye nezongezo ze-nitrogen kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-nickel uqinisekisa ukuxhathisa okungcono kwi-stress-corrosion cracking. phezu 300 series.Isiqulatho esiphezulu se-alloy yeentsimbi "ze-Superaustenitic" sithetha ukuba zibiza kakhulu kwaye ukusebenza okufanayo kunokufumaneka kusetyenziswa iintsimbi eziphindwe kabini ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.
- Iintsimbi ezingenazintsimbi ze-Ferritic zixhathisa kakhulu ekumdleni, kodwa zinokomelela kakhulu kunamabakala e-austenitic kwaye azinakuqiniswa lunyango lobushushu.Ziqulethe phakathi kwe-10.5% kunye ne-27% yechromium kunye ne-nickel encinci kakhulu, ukuba ikhona.Uninzi lweengoma ziquka i-molybdenum;ezinye, i-aluminiyam okanye i-titanium.Amabakala aqhelekileyo e-ferritic abandakanya i-18Cr-2Mo, i-26Cr-1Mo, i-29Cr-4Mo, kunye ne-29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Iintsimbi zeMartensitic azikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa njengezinye iindidi ezimbini, kodwa zomelele ngokugqithisileyo kwaye zomelele kwaye zinomatshini omkhulu, kwaye zinokuqiniswa lunyango lobushushu.Intsimbi ye-Martensitic iqulethe i-chromium (i-12-14%), i-molybdenum (0.2-1%), ayikho i-nickel, kunye ne-0.1-1% yekhabhoni (ukunika ubunzima obuninzi kodwa yenza izinto zibe lukhuni ngakumbi).Icinyiwe kwaye imagnetic.Ikwabizwa ngokuba yintsimbi ye "series-00".
- I-Duplex i-stainless steels ine-microstructure edibeneyo ye-austenite kunye ne-ferrite, injongo kukuvelisa umxube we-50: 50 nangona kwii-alloys zorhwebo umxube unokuba ngu-60:40.Intsimbi ye-Duplex iphucule amandla ngaphezu kweentsimbi ze-austenitic ezingenasici kwaye yaphucula ukuxhathisa kwi-corrosion yasekhaya ngakumbi i-pitting, i-crevice corrosion kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking.Zibonakaliswa nge-chromium ephezulu kunye neziqulatho ze-nickel ezisezantsi kune-austenitic stainless steels.
Imbali yeStainless Steel
Izinto ezimbalwa ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokudleka kwentsimbi zisekho kwamandulo.Umzekelo odumileyo (kwaye mkhulu kakhulu) yiNtsika yeNtsimbi yaseDelhi, eyakhiwe ngomyalelo kaKumara Gupta I malunga nomnyaka we-AD 400. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nensimbi engenasici, ezi zixhobo zihlawula ukuqina kwazo kwi-chromium, kodwa kumxholo we-phosphorus ephezulu, leyo kunye neemeko zemozulu ezivumayo zasekuhlaleni zikhuthaza ukubunjwa komgangatho oqinileyo wokukhusela we-iron oxides kunye ne-phosphates, kunokuba ungakhuselekanga, umaleko werusi oqhekekileyo ophuhla kwizinto ezininzi zentsimbi.
Ukunganyangeki kokutya kwe-iron-chromium alloys kwaqatshelwa ngo-1821 yingcali yesinyithi yaseFransi uPierre Berthier, owaphawula ukuxhathisa kwabo ekuhlaselweni ziiasidi ezithile kwaye wacebisa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekusikeni.Nangona kunjalo, i-metallurgists yenkulungwane ye-19 ayizange ikwazi ukuvelisa indibaniselwano yekhabhoni ephantsi kunye ne-chromium ephezulu efunyenwe kwiintsimbi zanamhlanje ezingenasici, kwaye i-alloys ephezulu ye-chromium ababenokuyivelisa yayinobunzima kakhulu ukuba ibe nomdla osebenzayo.
Le meko yatshintsha ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1890, xa uHans Goldschmidt waseJamani waphuhlisa inkqubo ye-aluminothermic (thermite) yokuvelisa ikhromium engenakhabhoni.Kwiminyaka ka-19041911, abaphandi abaliqela, ngakumbi uLeon Guillet waseFransi, balungisa iialloyi ezinokuthi namhlanje zithathwe njengentsimbi engatyiwayo.Ngowe-1911, uPhilip Monnartz waseJamani wanikela ingxelo ngonxulumano phakathi komxholo wechromium kunye nokumelana nomhlwa kwezi alloys.
UHarry Brearley weBrown-Firth labhoratri yophando eSheffield, eNgilani udla ngokubalwa ngokuba "ngumqambi" wezinto ezingenasici.
intsimbi.Ngomnyaka we-1913, ngelixa wayefuna i-alloy-resistant-resistant for gun barrels, wafumanisa kwaye emva koko wavelisa i-alloy yensimbi engenasici ye-martensitic.Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso efanayo lwalusenzeka ngaxeshanye eKrupp Iron Works eJamani, apho uEduard Maurer noBenno Strauss babesenza ialloy yeaustenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), naseUnited States, apho uChristian Dantsizen noFrederick Becket. bebesenza imizi-mveliso ye-ferritic engenabala.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba unokuba nomdla kwamanye amanqaku obugcisa siwapapashe:
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-16-2022