304/304L HAAWINA OLE

He haʻahaʻa iki ka ikaika o ka Type 304 ma mua o 302 ma muli o kona ʻano kalapona haʻahaʻa.

316/316L HAAWINA OLE

Type 316/316L Stainless Steel he kila molybdenum i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka luaʻi ʻana ma o nā hopena i loaʻa nā chlorides a me nā halides ʻē aʻe.

310S SILA OLE

ʻO 310S Stainless Steel he kūʻē maikaʻi loa i ka oxidation ma lalo o nā mahana mau a hiki i 2000 ° F.

317L HAAWINA OLE

ʻO 317L kahi molybdenum e lawe ana i ka austenitic chromium nickel steel e like me ke ʻano 316, koe wale nō ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia ma 317L ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe.

321/321H HAAWINA OLE

ʻO ke ʻano 321 ka ʻano kumu 304 i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka titanium i ka nui ma ka liʻiliʻi he 5 mau manawa o ke kalapona a me nā ʻike nitrogen.

410 HAAWINA OLE

ʻO ke ʻano 410 kahi kila kuhili martensitic he magnetic, kūʻē i ka corrosion ma nā wahi ʻoluʻolu a maikaʻi loa ka ductility.

DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)

ʻO Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), a i ʻole Avesta Sheffield 2205 he kila kila ferritic-austenitic.

HOʻOPIʻI ʻIA ʻO nā ʻūhā ʻuʻuku e ko lākou ʻano CRYSTALLINE:

• Loaʻa nā kila kuhili ʻole Austenitic ma luna o 70% o ka nui o ka hana kila kuhili.Loaʻa iā lākou ka nui o ka 0.15% kalapona, ka liʻiliʻi o 16% chromium a me ka nickel a me / a i ʻole manganese lawa e mālama i kahi ʻano austenitic ma nā mahana āpau mai ka ʻāina cryogenic a hiki i ka helu heheʻe o ka alloy.ʻO ka haku mele maʻamau he 18% chromium a me 10% nickel, i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo 18/10 stainless i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā papa pālahalaha.E like me 18/0 a me 18/8 i loaʻa pū kekahi.¨Superaustenitic〃 nā kila kila, e like me ka alloy AL-6XN a me 254SMO, e hōʻike ana i ke kūʻē nui ʻana i ka chloride pitting a me ka crevice corrosion ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka Molybdenum i loko (>6%) a me nā mea hoʻohui nitrogen a ʻo ka ʻike nickel kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka pale maikaʻi ʻana i ka pohā pilikia-corrosion. ma luna o ka 300 series.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hao hao "Superaustenitic" ʻo ia hoʻi, he makaʻu nui lākou a hiki ke loaʻa ka hana like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kila duplex ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa.
• ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻa ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.Aia ma waena o 10.5% a me 27% chromium a me ka nickel liʻiliʻi loa, inā he.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haku mele he molybdenum;kekahi, alumini a titanium paha.ʻO nā māka ferritic maʻamau ka 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, a me 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
• ʻAʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā kila kuhili martensitic e like me nā papa ʻelua ʻē aʻe, akā ikaika loa a paʻakikī a hiki i ka mīkini, a hiki ke paʻakikī i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.Aia i loko o ke kila kila Martensitic ka chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), ʻaʻohe nickel, a ma kahi o 0.1-1% kalapona (e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻakikī akā e hana i ka mea i ʻoi aku ka palupalu).Ua kinai ia a me ka magnetic.Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kila "series-00".
• Loaʻa i nā kila kila Duplex kahi microstructure hui ʻia o austenite a me ka ferrite, ʻo ka pahuhopu e hana i kahi hui 50:50 ʻoiai ma nā ʻāpana kalepa ʻo ka hui ʻana he 60:40.Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kila Duplex ma luna o nā kila stainless austenitic a ua hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion kūloko, ʻoi aku ka pitting, crevice corrosion a me ke koʻikoʻi corrosion cracking.Hōʻike ʻia lākou e ka chromium kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea nickel haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kila stainless austenitic.

Moolelo o ke kila kila

Ke ola nei kekahi mau mea hao me ka ʻino mai ka wā kahiko.ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kaulana (a nui loa) ʻo ka Pillar Iron o Delhi, i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kauoha a Kumara Gupta I a puni ka makahiki AD 400. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole like me ke kila kila, ʻaʻole kēia mau artifacts i ko lākou lōʻihi ʻaʻole i ka chromium, akā i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe phosphorus maʻiʻo. ʻo ia me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻāina e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa passivation pale paʻa o ka hao oxides a me ka phosphates, ma mua o ka pale ʻole, ka papa ʻōpala māwae e ulu ana ma ka hapa nui o ka hao.

Hans Goldschmidt

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ke kūpaʻa ʻino o nā mea hao-chromium i ka makahiki 1821 e ka mea hoʻoheheʻe Palani ʻo Pierre Berthier, nāna i ʻike i ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana e kekahi mau waikawa a manaʻo i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoki ʻoki.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ke kenekulia 19 ke hana i ka hui ʻana o ke kalapona haʻahaʻa a me ka chromium kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i ka nui o nā kila kuhili ʻole o kēia wā, a ʻo nā mea hao chromium kiʻekiʻe i hiki iā lākou ke hana, he palupalu loa ʻaʻole ia he hoihoi kūpono.
Ua loli kēia kūlana i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1890, i ka wā i hoʻomohala ai ʻo Hans Goldschmidt o Kelemania i kahi kaʻina aluminothermic (thermite) no ka hana ʻana i ka chromium kalapona ʻole.I nā makahiki 19041911, ua hoʻomākaukau kekahi mau mea noiʻi, ʻo Leon Guillet o Farani, i nā mea hao e manaʻo ʻia i kēia lā he kila kila.I ka makahiki 1911, ua hōʻike ʻo Philip Monnartz o Kelemania i ka pilina ma waena o ka maʻiʻo chromium a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o kēia mau alloys.

ʻO Harry Brearley o ke keʻena noiʻi ʻo Brown-Firth ma Sheffield, ʻEnelani ka mea i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia ka "mea hana" o nā mea kila.

Harry Brearley

kila.I ka makahiki 1913, ʻoiai ʻo ia e ʻimi ana i kahi huila kūʻē i ka erosion no nā pahu pū, ua ʻike ʻo ia a ma hope iho ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻāpana kila stainless martensitic.Eia naʻe, ua hana ʻia nā hanana ʻoihana like i kēia manawa ma ka Krupp Iron Works ma Kelemānia, kahi i kūkulu ai ʻo Eduard Maurer lāua ʻo Benno Strauss i kahi alloy austenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), a ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi ʻo Christian Dantsizen lāua ʻo Frederick Becket. e hana ana i ka ferritic stainless.

E ʻoluʻolu e ʻoluʻolu e hoihoi paha ʻoe i nā ʻatikala ʻenehana ʻē aʻe a mākou i paʻi ai:

• Ka hoomaopopo ana i na mea maikai o S31803 Stainless Steel
• Iecaianoaaiiuo o kuhiliʻole kila Seamless paipu i hana kaʻina hana a me na anuu
• Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka Austenite a me Ferrite Stainless Steel i hoʻohana ʻia