Ke huki anu ʻia nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe, hana ʻia nā hemahema o ka paipu wela e like me nā māwae a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pahu wahie kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka haki ʻana i loko o ka papa, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe hoʻololi i ka plastic, maʻamau he haki.ʻO ka haʻihaʻi haʻihaʻi ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole.E like me: e kahe ana ka palena o ka palaoa, me ka ʻoi aku o ka ikaika ma mua o ka ikaika o ka matrix a nāwaliwali paha, ʻo ia ke kumu o nā māwae;ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka palena o ka palaoa i nā kumu i haki;Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka palena hoʻohua o ke keʻa ma lalo o nā ukana ʻano like ʻole, hiki nō ke kumu i ka haki ʻana o ka luhi.

Ma ka laulā, ʻo nā ʻano mechanical o nā ʻāpana hydraulic (pneumatic) i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea he homogeneous, hoʻomau, isotropic, e like me kēia ʻano loiloi i manaʻo ʻia he hoʻolālā palekana, i kekahi manawa e hiki mai nā pōʻino.Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kaʻina hana i loko o kahi mea hao ikaika kiʻekiʻe, mamao loa ka hui ʻana mai ka homogeneous, isotropic.Loaʻa i nā hui nā māwae, aia nā inclusions, porosity a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia he microcracks material.Eia hou, ka brittle fracture a me kekahi lālā o ka wela kūpono.I ka wā i ʻike ai ka poʻe ma o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka mahana ma lalo o kahi mahana, e hoʻohuli ʻia ka mea i loko o kahi kūlana brittle, hoʻemi ʻia ka hopena o ka ikehu, kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke anuanu brittleness, no laila e koho ka hoʻolālā akā e like me ka lālā hana. me kahi mahana hoʻololi anu-brittle kūpono o ka mea.